Far be it from me to say anything in defence of the appalling Palin, but technically from the island of Little Diomede (presumably the island in Alaska to which she referred) you can see nearby Big Diomede, which is Russian territory. So you can 'see Russia from Alaska' so long as you assume 'a tiny, insignifcant island belonging to' to be implicitly included in each part of the phrase. Which I'm not sure is what she meant, or what was reasonably understood.